Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate

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dc.contributor.authorBeti, María Mónica
dc.contributor.authorAlaniz, Lautaro
dc.contributor.authorAlaniz, Matías
dc.contributor.authorGarcía-Sanz, Verónica
dc.contributor.authorAura-Tormos, Juan Ingnacio
dc.contributor.authorGalancho, Ismael
dc.contributor.authorBono, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorParedes-Gallardo, Vanesa
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-17T14:25:50Z
dc.date.available2026-04-17T14:25:50Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-13
dc.description.abstractEnergy gels are widely used by athletes to maintain performance during endurance ac tivities; however, their acidic composition may pose a risk to dental health. This study aimed to evaluate the pH of four commercial energy gels at different dilutions with artificial saliva and to assess the potential neutralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP). An in vitro experimental design was conducted using four comercial gels (FullGas Hydrogel, ENA Energy Gel, UltraTech Gel, and Maverick Race Gel). Serial dilutions with artificial saliva (1:2, 1:5, 1:7, and 1:10) were prepared, and pH was measured using indicator strips at 0, 15, and 30 min at 37 ◦C. The effect of CPP-ACP was evaluated in the 1:2 dilution. Undiluted gels showed highly acidic pH values ranging from 2.0 to 3.0. Dilutions of 1:2 and 1:5 remained significantly more acidic than artificial saliva (p < 0.001). From 1:7 dilution onward, pH values increased and approached salivary levels (approximately 7.0), with no significant differences compared with artificial saliva. The addition of CPP-ACP significantly increased pH in the 1:2 dilution (p < 0.05), although. the effect was limited in more diluted conditions. These findings suggest that commercial energy gels may represent a source of acidic exposure under in vitro conditions, which could be relevant for dental health. Adequate dilution, particularly ≥1:7, was associated with a reduction in acidity under the experimental conditions tested, although its clinical relevance cannot be directly inferred, while CPP-ACP may provide a limited buffering effect under concentrated exposure conditions.
dc.description.filiationFil: Beti, María Mónica. 0009-0004-4482-4471. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina.
dc.description.filiationFil: Alaniz, Lautaro. 0009-0005-1331-7714. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina.
dc.description.filiationFil: Alaniz, Matías. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina.
dc.description.filiationFil: García-Sanz, Verónica. 0000-0002-9192-2435. Universitat de València. Departament d'Odontologia. Valencia, España.
dc.description.filiationFil: Aura Torms, Juan Ignacio. 0000-0002-0054-1005. Universitat de València. Departament d'Odontologia. Valencia, España.
dc.description.filiationFil: Galancho, Ismael. Universidad Europea de Andalucía. Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Sport. Málaga, España
dc.description.filiationFil: Bono, Andrea. 0000-0003-2766-8249. Universidad Católica de La Plata. Facultad de Odontología Universidad Católica de La Plata Convenio Sociedad Odontológica de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina.
dc.description.filiationFil: Paredes-Gallardo, Vaenssa. 0000-0002-4137-5808. Universitat de València. Departament d'Odontologia. Valencia, España
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationBeti, M. M., Alaniz, L., Alaniz, M., García-Sanz, V., Aura-Tormos, J. I., Galancho, I., Bono, A., & Paredes-Gallardo, V. (2026). Acidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate. Applied Sciences, 16(8), 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083790.
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/app16083790
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.ucalp.edu.ar/handle/UCALP/1188
dc.language.isospa
dc.relation.ispartofApplied Sciences, 2026; 16(8)
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.subjectGELES
dc.subjectSALIVA
dc.subjectCONCETRACION DE IONES DE HIDROGENO
dc.subjectCARIES DENTAL
dc.subjectCASEINAS
dc.subjectEROSION DENTAL
dc.subject.ocdehttp://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.14
dc.titleAcidic pH of Commercial Energy Gels, Potential Dental Risk, and the Neutralizing Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
renati.advisor.orcid0009-0004-4482-4471
renati.advisor.orcid0009-0005-1331-7714
renati.advisor.orcid0000-0002-9192-2435
renati.advisor.orcid0000-0002-0054-1005
renati.advisor.orcid0000-0003-2766-8249
renati.advisor.orcid0000-0002-4137-5808
renati.typehttp://purl.org/pe-repo/renati/type#trabajoDeInvestigacion
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